Paint formulation. Apr 3, 2023 · Dow recently launched a new digital paint formulation platform that is now available for the Asia-Pacific region. T65 is a low-molecular-weight polymer of EPDM consisting of 45 wt % ethylene, 45 wt % propylene, and 10 wt % dicyclopentadiene monomers. re-formulation and testing program. 2 Apr 6, 2017 · This analysis consists in calculating the important characteristic values of coatings, such as the pigment/binder ratio, pigment volume concentration and, as necessary, the hardener addition level. 5 per cent. These two attributes lead to the high chromaticity and hue shifts that characterize ChromaFlair® pigment. Toughness: Alkyds The level of silicone utilization in a paint formulation is dictated by the severity of the application performance requirements and can range from a minimum of 15% to as high as 100% of the resin binder system (see table 1). Also shown in the pyrogram of Plextol B-500 is the mass spectrum from the most intense peak, MMA. Creating an effective road marking Jun 22, 2011 · What Nail Polish does. 2011) (Table 1). Artur Palasz, Ph. New recruits – chemists, scientists, and technicians will also find this course very useful. Our specialty paints are compatible with many different surfaces, including appliances, propane tanks, and patio furniture. , Masis Staffing , Gerber Collision & Glass , Ateeca Inc , PDS Defense , BOEING , My Headhunter LLC , AkzoNobel , Copeland , Express Employment Professionals Apr 18, 2020 · 2. Formulating the Paint. D. 2. The resins were blended with bitumen and used in formulating oleoresinous wood varnishes. modern oil paintings and twentieth century oil paint formulations and possible Although 25 biocides were identified in the current dataset (Fig. Colors. Print Book & E-Book. Specialty aerosol paints are high-quality, fast-drying solutions formulated for virtually any application. Nail polish is a liquid solution applied to the fingernails or toe nails to change their appearance (usually colored) and to protect from chipping and breaking. When blended with surfactants and dispersed in This suggests that the new formulations behave similarly with respect to pigment transfer and solubility to the older formulations; and that this is an area that requires further investigation. 61 (percentage) additives (Natrosol 250-HHBR, Sodium Bicarbonate, Polyoxyethylene 25 octyl phenol, Octyl phenol polyglycol ether sulfate sodium salt, Provichem, 2. Ongoing control of raw materials and final formulations is essential for ensuring product quality and customer satisfaction, while an in-depth understanding of physical properties is necessary to devise new formulations. A previous paper reported on a waterborne dispersion of L-EPDM used for coatings and adhesives. 1999. Table 2 Solvent-based acrylic paint formulation Component, PVC Acrylic resin (Indacryl SC1170, Indur), 60 wt. Pigments, 44% Solvents, 12% Extender Apr 15, 2021 · The researchers believe that this white may be the closest equivalent of the blackest black, “Vantablack,” which absorbs up to 99. Akaranta A. 2 Raw materials for emulsion paint formulation 3. The book opens with a look at the composition of coatings, placing special emphasis on the base binder in each type. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. 4 - 1st Edition. Discover innovative coatings that provide stain resistance, moisture control, air quality, microbicidal and odor reduction benefits. Thanks to our special paint formulation, you have a vibrant and versitile palette of VinylSafe ® colors to choose from-including a variety of delightfully dark colors not normally available in vinyl-safe options that effectively resist warping or buckling your siding. Paints. In addition, this may be an opportunity to upgrade the overall blend for cost, ease of Corrosion resistance: Epoxies. This requires an intimate knowledge of the two ways that light interacts with particles in a paint film—absorption and scattering. 6% and is predicted to reach a value of $18. 4% over the reporting period. Information about each formulation consisted of 52 variables (Table S2, Online Resource 1). EP Minerals' paint chemist worked with this customer on their development program, including testing their formulations in our lab and also working side-by-side in the customer’s paint lab. 0. Next, measure the color you would like to match for the finished product using a color-measuring instrument and record its color values. 58. Applicable particulate size range. Paint Formulation; Flame Spray; Acrylic Coating; House Paint; Clear Coating; These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. “The goal in these applications is to create a luxurious feel on ordinary substrates like paper, plastic, and metal,” adds Lisa Spagnola, scientist with Sartomer. Formulators are often tasked with precisely matching a certain color, or with accurately predicting the color created when different colorants or colored paints are mixed. For every problem there are solutions. Department of the Army,1969. Aloko. Formulation of paints and coatings" In Volume 4 Agrochemicals, Paints and Coatings and Food Colloids, 117-124. Available as perpetual or annual subscription. The basic paint formulation and ingredients are listed in Table 4. 0% Buyl acrylate, Potassium Persulfate, Tertiary butyl hydrogen peroxide Tadros, Tharwat F. To demonstrate the experimental binder’s utility, we compared the performance of commercial and experimental soft styrene acrylic binders in a 40 % PVC, 37% volume solids paint formulation thickened to 110–115 KU Stormer viscosity, 1. Understanding VOCs is essential as they impact air quality, ecosystem health, and human well-being. Some formulation development work by the paint chemists found that this new synthetic lacquer resin provided an excellent basis for a paint that had improved appearance, toughness, and durability versus natural oil resin paints, and also could be easily pigmented with a wide variety of color pigments, besides just black! They can also be prepared directly as outlined for testing and evaluation purposes to determine if they immediately meet your application needs. It also describes the various applications of paints, factors affecting their This leads to better understanding and innovation in paint formulations using more analytical instruments and methods, including advances in sustainability and product performance. 5 g of sodium polymetaphosphate (Calgon) in 750 ml of distilled water. Paints or coatings are multiphase, colloidal systems that are applied as a continuous layer to a surface. Climate change is a global issue impacting weather in all regions of Occasionally, one or more solvents in a paint formulation need to be replaced due to VOC or HAPs concerns, toxicity, cost, odor, or lack of availability. Together we developed a new formulation that achieved equivalent matting performance using 30% LESS DE in their The terms paint and coatings are sometimes used interchangeably; paint is the older term used before the 1940s (e. -Michael Van De Mark, Director Missouri S&T Coatings Institute. Type of Paint: Determine whether your paint is Newtonian or non-Newtonian. I. 4%, respectively, for the flat formulation. The SG and flat formulations used to evaluate the acrylic polymers are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The new whitest paint formulation reflects up to 98. in table 1. 1 Introduction. Learn how to choose the best paint for different applications and surfaces based on polymer performance and features. Primers are expected to witness revenue gains at a CAGR of 6. Please keep up with changes on our web site. Paint and coatings formulators face growing demands every day, from customer in the paint formulation. The pigment is inorganic in nature and is composed of Coating model formulations The 2K epoxy coating formulations for this study are listed in Table 2. For example, the irst formulation that only contains diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) (EEW = 187 g/eq) in its epoxy part is named as DGEBA and used as the . 3 P cone and plate ICI viscosity, and 6000–7000 cP Brookfield viscosity measured with spindle 4 at What companies are hiring for paint formulation jobs in United States? The top companies hiring now for paint formulation jobs in United States are Marlyn Nutraceuticals, Inc. . Formulation Xpert, an immersive experience that enables users to formulate a holistic product for the architectural market with a guided process. Materials Science. 3 Clarifying the objective. VinylSafe ® Colors. "9. The main in Jan 16, 2024 · The selection of raw materials for the formulation of latex paint is a kind of maze in which the formulator not only has to find mutually compatible raw materials, but also balance the quality of the resulting formulation with the price. DOW™ Paint Vision is designed to simplify the formulation process. The decorative paint market is expected to witness CAGR of 12. Sep 5, 2022 · This provides information about the diffusion coefficient, which (in conjunction with the properties of the medium) can then be used to give a particle size distribution. As indicated in the table, LD and DLS overlap considerably in the particle size range that they’re May 24, 2017 · Indian paint market is expected to reach 49,545 INR Crs by 2016 - 17, decorative market will continue to grow and would have higher share compared to industrial paints. [3] An acrylic white matt emulsion p aint is known to consist of 25%. Paints and Protective Coatings United States. This ebook, available for download in a PDF format ( *), is more than just words on a page; itis a journey of connection and profound emotion. The document discusses the paint and varnish industry in India. The Value: Coatings formulation explained step by step. , Spektrochem, discusses how until recently, replacing solventborne formulations with waterborne paints to reduce VOC was a sufficient step […] Paint Formulation Guidelines. Key amongst these is the need to reduce organic solvents and other potentially harmful components in the formulation, in order to reduce the impact of the manufacturing process and the final product on the environment and human health. The formula lists the ingredients of the paint (Weismantel, 1981): vehicle, solvents, pigmentation, and additives. Jul 1, 2016 · Onyenekenwa Cyprian Eneh A guide for the paint maker. Jul 26, 2023 · The formulation of a new paint (or coating) comes with many challenges where the final requirements define the starting point of the formulation. It should be noted that all courses are subject to changes in university restrictions for Covid-19. 10 nm to 3500 µm. And, for every solution, challenges may arise. Sep 11, 2023 · The Mission: A single book covering the practical and scientific basics underpinning the strategic formulation of modern paint and coatings systems – from physicochemical concepts to the recipes themselves. The film…. Amounts are normally stated in units of weight for accuracy. 4% from 2016 to 2024, while alkyd resins may see volume growth at a CAGR of 5. An example of such a formulation (without showing the trade names of the raw materials) is shown in Table 1. 2 Availability of raw material data. Emulsion paint was formulated from waste expanded polystyrene as a binder. Books. Different factors come into play when making this decision: Factors to Consider When Selecting a Viscometer. SF 1002 Clear Coating 8521 3125. Are you a manufacturer of paint raw materials or architectural water-borne paints? Improve your formulations thanks to the knowledge from professional paint Tadros, Tharwat F. Table 1: Resin system selection. Even though paints and coatings have a long history Dec 5, 2023 · Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a diverse range of carbon-based chemicals found in paint formulations. Paint additives are essential components in the formulation of modern paints Bituminous coating: effects of cashew nut shell liquid‐tannin resins. 0 Method of paint formulation 3. Some enamel paints contain fine glass powder or metal flake instead of the color pigments in standard oil-based paints. 3. 2 nm to 10 µm. The fundamental principles of colloid and interface science are applied in the formulation of a paint and its application. What you will learn: Nov 6, 2022 · Abstract. Although a single solvent may be an adequate replacement, often a blend of solvents is a better choice. Blackie, 1991 - Science - 265 pages. polymerization hastened by pretreatment of the oil and by adding. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a key component of many coatings formulations due to its unique optical properties. 1% of sunlight – compared with the 95. Interior paint options have to be as diverse as the customers that purchase them, but certain performance attributes must always be present in the formulations. Adding solvents in a paint formulation helps to optimize the whole performance of the system. 7 per cent and the industrial paint market CAGR of 9. 5% and 47. 3 Functions of the raw materials 3. The formulated emulsion paint which underwent a three-staged process had a pH of 7. 5 Use of standard formulation format. Throughout, the focus is on coatings formulation and how to arrive at the final recipe. We offer specialty paints for the following industries and applications: Appliance paint. On these pages we offer starting point formulations for pigment concentrates for the use in Decorative Coatings, General Industrial Coatings, Wood and Furniture Coatings and Household, Industrial and Institutional Cleaners, Polishes and Laundry Detergents. % Titanium dioxide (rutile) (Bayertitan, Bayer) Aerosil 380 (fumed silica) Bentone SD-1 Rheological additive (Rheox) Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) Toluene Xylene Solvesso 100 (Esso) Octylic alcohol Soya lecitin 2. The VS and pigment volume concentration (PVC) were 39. 5. Note: Oops, Not subscribed! Please contact MSIL for support. For example, in an effort Jul 4, 2023 · The primary components of road marking paint include pigments, binders, solvents, and additives. These additives play a crucial role in optimizing paint flow, levelling, dispersing, defoaming, and overall paint stability. Safe but expressive. Login. A. The data consists of selections of Aug 17, 2022 · compounds used in making the current acrylic paint formulation are listed. This book explains and elaborates in some depth on the key principles of coatings formulation. science of paint formulation continues to evolve because of new sustainability targets. This Nov 9, 2021 · Color Measurement and Evaluation Best Practices. Aug 13, 2021 · available data sources (Data, Online Resource 2). edu, phone 573-341-4882. When it comes to paint formulations, propylene glycol plays a crucial role in achieving the desired properties and performance characteristics. Adding Levasil ® colloidal silica into your silicate paint formulation allows you to improve durability, weather resistance and anti-soiling properties Potassium silicate in combination with colloidal silica is the main binder in sol silicate paint. 31 g/cm3, the drying Figure 3 shows the overall pyrogram from Plextol B-500 (Röhm), a p(EA/ MMA) emulsion that has been used in artists’ acrylic paint formulations, and from Spectrum polymer medium (Spectrum), a p(nBA/MMA) acrylic copolymer artists’ product. 82, density of 1. Jan 10, 2024 · DOW™ Paint Vision ushers in the future of digital paint formulation. Paint Formulations. Built in 2021 as a $355 million joint venture Interior architectural coatings. To determine the frequencies of occurrence, it was considered only the unique paint formulations using a particular biocide combination and concentration. The dr ying of paint is a chemical change of ox idation and. 1 Getting the basics right. WEDNESDAY: Pre-testing of pigment dispersion for the formulation of paint based upon your interests. The key points covered include the major components that go into making paints like pigments, oils, resins, solvents and additives. Pigments provide color and visibility, binders ensure adhesion to the road surface, solvents facilitate proper application, and additives enhance durability and reflective properties. Purchase Water-Based Paint Formulations, Vol. Osemeahon and I. 0–1. , for painting houses) after which new sophisticated synthesized materials were developed for automobiles and aircraft and called coatings to distinguish them from the vegetable oil-based materials. They are used to control the film formation process of coatings based on physically drying film-forming materials. 1 Costing laboratory formulations. This article provides a set of thickener recommendations arranged by paint type, focused not on chemistry, but on practical guidelines with supporting application data. 1. You will have the opportunity to study and experiment with basic raw materials and their influences on the performance of the The formulations described are divided into sections which cover exterior, interior, and exterior and/or interior water-based paints, enamels, and coatings, as indicated below. Even listed as antifouling biocides in Jan 8, 2022 · Data sources. Advances in silicone chemistry are helping to overcome the initial hesitance of formulators to use silicones in a growing number of paint and coating applications. CHAPTER THREE. The name of each formulation represents the combination of the epoxy resins used. Delve into the emotional tapestry woven by Crafted by in Experience Paint Primer Formulation Guide . 3% during these same years. 4. Advice on specific formulations is then given before formulation guidelines are analysed. Jan 15, 2019 · January 15, 2019. A color formulation software designed to bring ease to the work of professionals in the paint, pigment and plastic industries, our Match Pigment software amplifies the accuracy of color development, improving quality control and productivity. Farm and implement paint. 8 Description of raw materials for paint manufacture. ISBN 9780815514152, 9780815519560. Accurate metering equipment permits measuring the liquids in units Sep 19, 2023 · Therefore, the starting point formulations developed in those years were extremely simple, but they provided the necessary knowledge about what type of main raw materials should build a given type of latex paint formulation. With a fully automated paint formulation testing system, the time to find an optimum formulation is reduced. 6 Exterior building paints – formulation 2. May 30, 2023 · 3. 39% water as solvent, 49% pre-emulsion monomers (vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate) and 6. 9% of visible light. Incorporated correctly, TiO2 can promote superior hiding, gloss and durability performance in paint films. 1 Paint Formulations: Achieving Desired Properties. This collection of 463 water-based trade and industrial formulations will be of value to technical and managerial personnel in paint manufacturing companies and firms which supply raw materials or services to these companies, and to those interested in less hazardous, environmentally safer formulations. For formulators, greater transparency of conditions in-field from sensors and environmental data modeling will become widespread. 5 g of (TiO2) was added and shaked vigorously in a plastic container. Jul 30, 2023 · Selecting the appropriate viscometer is crucial to obtain accurate viscosity measurements for your specific paint formulations. Richard Woodbridge. The percent of additives in the formulation are known to be (01-1%). 4 Identifying formulating constraints. Usually it is a rapidly drying formulation. Paints may be broadly classified into Decorative paints, applied on site to decorate and protect buildings and other objects, and Industrial coatings which are applied in factories to finish The overall rising interest in sustainability, which manifests in the form of stricter environmental regulations and growing customer/consumer demand for more environmentally friendly products, is the key driver for adoption of waterborne paints and coatings and advancement of resin, additive, and pigment technologies used in their formulation. 5% of sunlight reflected by the researchers’ previous ultra-white paint – and sends infrared heat away from a surface at the same time. The TiO 2 waste pigment shows rutile crystalline structure. ChromaFlair light interference pigment is composed of very flat, smooth flakes with an average aspect ratio of 12:1 and is highly reflective and specular. Over 100 samples can be tested within 24 hours on this Evonik system. 6% and 23. To modify the properties of paint and create additional performance properties, additives are used. 4 Formulation of emulsion paint Pigment Formulation Software: Match Pigment. g. This allows the resin and pigment to produce a film of paint and to dry quickly. Indispens-able for formulators. If you have any questions or need support, please contact Paints and coatings are highly complex multi-component systems that pose many challenges for the formulation chemist. Enamel paint is formulated to give an especially hard, usually glossy, finish. Starting Point Formulations. The way nail polish works is that after it is evenly spread on the nails, the solvent evaporates and it creates a protective film that resists removal. They play a crucial role in paint application but contribute to environmental pollution and health risks when released into the air. Apr 26, 2002 · Table 1: Physical Properties. First, define the color standards internally or externally between customers and suppliers. We wish that everyone stay safe and healthy. As an insider in the industry, I have witnessed firsthand how propylene glycol is incorporated into paint formulations to enhance various aspects. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. 73 billion by 2025. Abstract This study examines some of the degradation phenomena exhibited by. Latin America is projected to witness substantial revenue growth at a CAGR of 6. 1 Raw materials for paint formulation 3. Three water-based paints were formulated in different ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%, the results show that 20% formulation is the best ratio and almost the same Corpus ID: 55277515; Formulation of Emulsion Paint from a Copolymer Composite of Dimethylol Urea/Polystyrene @article{Akinterinwa2015FormulationOE, title={Formulation of Emulsion Paint from a Copolymer Composite of Dimethylol Urea/Polystyrene}, author={Ayodele Akinterinwa and S. Through study and work in a laboratory, you can learn to formulate paints to meet specific requirements. The Audience: Trainees, students and newcomers to the A paint formulation which is a dispersion of a water phase in an oil phase, said oil phase comprising a polymeric paint vehicle and organic volatiles characterized in that the water content is selected to give a solids level for the formulation of 50% to 75% by weight with an organic volatiles content of less than 22% and preferably in the range of 5% to 20% by weight and the dispersion is Solvents in paints and coatings formulations dissolve compounds like: Pigments; Additives, and; Binders; After the paint is applied to the surface, the solvent evaporates. Upload the standard’s color values to a color formulation software Feb 8, 2006 · Every new paint formulation can and should be designed for the specific purposes for which it is intended, and this may require placement of widely varying importance on individual properties. 1 The Paint Formula. Here, Artur Palasz Ph. Durability, hide, stain resistance and low VOCs are integral functionalities in every interior paint formulation. The guidelines in this article apply to organic thickeners and rheology modifiers: hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydrophobically TUESDAY: Formulation of a latex coating. - 1. VinylSafe. Latex paint formulations are highly complex aqueous dispersions containing latex, pigment, and filler particles in the dispersed phase, and a range of additives such as thickeners, surfactants, and dispers-ing aids in the continuous aqueous phase. Specifically, soft-touch coatings give products a warmer and more comfortable feel, and the elasticity and drag from soft-touch coatings can also prevent slippage of parts. Whether a homeowner is painting their Feb 27, 2020 · Automotive paint formulation is often a balancing act between qualities such as performance, stability and efficiency, to name a few. , Spektrochem, explores this topic with a comprehensive overview of how formulators May 6, 2013 · This intensive five-day course will take you through the basic steps of paint formulation, from understanding the process to an actual laboratory formulation. It provides details on the formulation and manufacturing processes of different types of paints, varnishes and lacquers. A combination of hiding power and film toughness is likely to be best obtained by use of structured extender pigments. These additives include dispersants, emulsifiers, surfactants, micronized waxes, silanes, and polyelectrolytes. The ability to predict the stability of these dispersions is a highly desirable, but difficult task. While most paints behave as Apr 2, 2024 · Roads and Bridges Magazine top bridge of 2022 – the I-74 Mississippi River Bridge – was designed with a fluoropolymer coating system that included our LUMIFLON® FEVE resin. 1), up to 30 active ingredients have been mentioned as registered and/or used in paint formulations or coatings in antifouling systems for boats and other submerged sur-faces (Omae 2003; Thomas and Brooks 2010; Castro et al. Finally, examples of how to develop a real-life paint formulation are provided in the case of the most important types of coatings. Oct 23, 2000 · A Practical Guide to Thickener Selection. The LUMIFLON-based paint formulation was deemed an essential design element to improve bridge durability and aesthetics. 7 Paint qualities and quality control 2. To this solution, 37. Nkafamiya and Peter Michael Dass}, journal={chemistry and materials research}, year={2015 Personnel in marketing, technical sales, manufacturing, paint users, customer support staff, field representatives, and all others who need a good understanding of principles of coating formulation can benefit. Copolymer resins of peanut skin tannin extract, aldehydes and cashew nut shell liquid were prepared. 6,7 L-EPDM dispersion used in this study is Trilene® 65D (T65D). We can still be reached by email at,, formulation@mst. Coating formulations based on physically drying binders such as nitrocellulose, require external plasticizers for optimal film formation. BASF’s line of EFKA® additives for solvent-based formulations simplifies the process with systems that proffer all those key characteristics and, in some cases, minimize the quantity of additives needed to Paint Formulation The paint formulation was initiated by first dissolving 2. 6%, respectively, for the SG formulation and 40. diers, or The current acrylic paint formulation consisted of mainly of 44. A high solid by volume doesn’t always give a high-quality product (Figure 2)[3]. Learn about the four components of paint, what VOCs are, and how Benjamin Moore makes premium quality paint with proprietary resins and pigments. Starting Formulations are intended to demonstrate the efficacy of Westlake's products, and to assist in the development of the user's own formulations. 1. THURSDAY: Putting together the paint designed Wednesday and dry-end testing of Tuesday's paint. According to Grand View Research, the global silicone market is expanding at a compound annual growth rate of 4. Paint additives are specialized chemicals that are added to paint formulations to enhance various properties and performance characteristics. Find out how to choose the right paint for your project and explore products and DIY guides. However, efficiency of TiO2 performance in a coating is both a function of the inherent TiO2 Definition. O. Plasticizers are additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity of a material. Principles of Paint Formulation. By combining powerful data and decades of knowledge, DOW™ Paint Vision is a valuable partner in the move to digital, breaking down barriers so that formulators can spend more time innovating. Nov 30, 2023 · The growing environmental awareness of the global paint and coatings market, as well as the need to reduce CO2 emissions and use renewable resources and green energy are also present in waterborne paint formulations. The choices are: latex, water-borne urethane, water-reducible bake, water-borne alkyd or water-borne epoxy. Paint is used to decorate, protect and prolong the life of natural and synthetic materials, and acts as a barrier against environmental conditions. I will break down each of them in the sections below to help you understand what they are and what they do in paint. About Google Books - Privacy Policy - Terms of Service - Information for Publishers - Report an issue - Help - Google Home Paint is a complex composition of up to 12 ingredients, but three can be distinguished as the main components – pigments, binders, and solvents. Additives improve properties like formulation processing and stability, viscosity, adhesion, ease of application, drying speed, and resistance to mold growth, sagging and scuffing. 4 Understanding the issue of pigment transfer during surface cleaning is complex and at least depends on the age of the paint film, the amounts of Mar 28, 2013 · Barbara Ferriani, and Elisabetta Zendri. Data about active ingredients or biocide compounds used in antifouling paint formulations were obtained from web sources, in several databases of governments and business associations around the world (Table S1, Online Resource 1), particularly, in the websites of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) of the UK (HSE 2018), Japan Paint Manufacturers Association (JPMA) (JPMA 2018 View book on ScienceDirect. The make-up of the solids affects the overall paint performance. Performance temperature range1. As paint and coatings formulators have become increasingly adept at matching the desirable performance characteristics of solvent-based coatings with environmentally preferred, low-VOC, water-based products, they also face microbial growth Jan 1, 2022 · The paint formulations were made using TiO 2 pigment waste and the properties of the paint were compared to industrial paint. Enamel paint sometimes is mixed with varnish or urethane to improve its shine and hardness. Emulsion paints are systems containing latex, pigments, and other ingredients for protection of the system. kb nf ei jr yn fm ud zc lx xy