Civil war repeating rifle

Civil war repeating rifle. It held fifteen rounds in a tubular magazine beneath the barrel. Size: 43 inches. 64 inches. Henry who conceived the first practical, lever action repeating rifle patented in 1860. muzzleloading rifle-musket was the standard arm of the infantry May 9, 2011 · After the war, New Haven Arms became the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, and an improved version of the Henry became the first Winchester repeating rifle, the Model 1866. 1864-1865 only, contract of January 2, 1865 w/ State of Kentucky for Home Guard, purchased to protect the supply lines of General W. Spencer carbines continued to serve on the frontier after the Civil War, but the firm's prodigious wartime output contributed to a large post-war surplus. - Image source: National Archives, www. Carrying seven rimfire cartridges in a tubular magazine bored through the weapon’s buttstock, the lever-action Spencer was a fast-firing, medium-range weapon of stunning firepower Browse all new and used Civil War Rifles for sale and buy with confidence from Guns International. Desirable Civil War U. America was engulfed in the searing flames of the Civil War, and the first Henry rifles were in the hands of Union Dec 3, 2013 · The fit and finish, along with the near perfect mechanics of the gun make it stand out among the crowd as something truly special. The Hunt rifle fired what he called the "Rocket Ball", an early form of The Spencer repeating rifle was adopted by the Union Army, especially by the cavalry, during the American Civil War but did not replace the standard issue muzzle-loading rifled muskets in use at the time. During that time between 6,000 and 7,000 privately purchased Henrys saw action in the Civil War, mostly on the Union side. Nov 3, 2016 · Very Scarce KENTUCKY CONTRACT Triplett & Scott CIVIL WAR Repeating Rifle TRIPLETT & SCOTT Made for KY Home Guard Circa 1864 for sale online. Referred to by Confederate troops as "that damn Yankee rifle that you load on Sunday and shoot all week. 44 Henry rimfire and . 44-40 Winchester. Saddle Ring CARBINE Early Repeater Famous During CIVIL WAR & WILD WEST Here we present an antique Spencer Repeating Rifle Co. Developed by LOUIS TRIPLETT and WILLIAM SCOTT of Columbia, Kentucky and manufactured under contract by the Meriden Manufacturing Company of Meriden, Ct. Jun 2, 2008 · Tripplet & Scott, ANTIQUE, repeating rifle, CIVIL WAR, caliber . Spencer Model 1860 Army Repeating RifleThis is an exceptional example of a Spencer Model 1860 Army rifle that was manufactured by the Spencer Repeating Rifle Company of Boston, Massachusetts. Joseph Davis’ troops Volcanic pistol. Spencer Model 1860 Army Repeating Rifle with Sling and BayonetThis is an outstanding example of a Spencer Model 1860 Army rifle that was manufactured by the Spencer Repeating Rifle Company of Boston, Massachusetts c. Joseph Davis’ troops Nov 17, 2019 · A new historical series featured only on this channel -- bringing to life with vivid recreations, sound and editing -- documentaries on the history of firear May 9, 2011 · Founder John Marlin had worked for Colt during the Civil War and, in 1870, began making his own derringers and revolvers. The carbine used a special brass cartridge which was also invented by Burnside. posted on July 3, 2013. Early models of the lever-action repeating rifle prove highly effective in battle and set the stage for further post-war development. This is a very good example in ful for sale by baystategunbuyers on GunsAmerica. 30-caliber Krag rifle in 1893, while Spain adopted the improved Mauser in 7-by-57 millimeter appeared a similar example of poor decision making in the post-Civil War period. This one weapon accounted for most of the casualties during the entire war. Among the early users was George Armstrong Custer. Pressing the weapon's two trigger guards opened . Capacity: 13 + 1. Exceptional Civil War U. This specimen, serial # 1646, was one of the approximately 11,000 produced between 1863 and 1864. had developed its latest model, the one which would inevitably feature heavily during the American Civil War. The Girandoni air rifle is an air gun designed by Italian inventor Bartolomeo Girandoni circa 1779. machine tool. With a new bolt, firing pin and ammunition, it was much faster and more reliable than earlier repeaters. 58-cal. Only 1,731 were purchased by the federal government and about 14,000 were made by New Haven Arms Company before being discontinued in 1866. While each type of repeating rifle had plenty of obstacles to overcome, they weren’t always viewed as an obvious upgrade to the conventional single His invention: The Henry Rifle. Original Henry Rifle (Model 1860) Specifications: Caliber: . During the Civil War, the 15-shot Henry rifle was available for use—however, it cost four times that of the Springfield. The gun was a revelation. The assertive Wilder then went directly to his men, convinced them of the weapon’s View Catalog. During the war, a variety of weapons were used on both sides. 1864. The Spencer rifles and carbines were the most successful Subsequently, flow of the rifle through government channels was slow. They were far superior to the smooth-bore muskets that were used previously in pretty much every conceivable way. Navy were this pattern. Jan 6, 2009 · January 6, 2009 • Updated January 9, 2024. 44 Henry Rimfire. Available Nov 3, 2016 · CIVIL WAR COLT Model 1855 Revolving MILITARY PATTERN Rifle . The American Civil War spanned a period when rifle innovation and transitional ammunition systems were quickly advancing. The rifle draws a clear distinction between pre-war single-shot weapons and the repeating rifles that dominated after the war. , U. The repeating rifle quickly demonstrated its superiority to the muzzle-loaded rifle when it was rolled out onto the battlefield in 1862. The rifle has a 30-inch round barrel with seven-shot magazine tube in the stock. Area Code: 314. Letters home would call them “Sixteen” or “Seventeen”-shooters, depending whether a round was loaded in the chamber. Apr 18, 2022 · Spencer Repeating Rifle carbine, cartridges and magazine tube. Mauser rifle, any of a family of bolt-action rifles designed by Peter Paul Mauser (1838–1914), a German who had worked in an arms plant before entering the German army in 1859. May 26, 2024 · The most famous of these in the Civil War was the Spencer repeating rifle. Dec 31, 2019 · A year later Christopher Spencer patented his revolutionary breechloading metallic-cartridge repeating rifle, subsequently selling more than 100,000 of the new weapons to the Union government during the Civil War. Denver dealer J. Description: This is a rare repeating rifle made towards the end of the Civil War. 1860 Henry. They range from the Henry Repeating Rifle- forerunner of the Winchester lever action- to obscurities such as the Triplett & Scott by the Meriden Manufacturing Company. A number of units in the West purchased them at Apr 11, 2014 · During the Civil War, a total of 45,733 Model 1860 carbines and 11,471 Model 1860 rifles were produced under U. Repeating pistols were first invented during the 1880s, and became widely adopted in the early 20th century, with important design Original Item: One Only. Dec 19, 2022 · The Winchester rifle’s technological family tree runs through the Henry rifle, used during the Civil War, and on back to 1849, when inventor Walter Hunt patented the Volition Repeating Rifle The Henry, the first practical, lever action, repeating rifle, is the immediate forerunner of the famous Winchester rifles. Buy a We are offering for a sale a Civil War era EVANS REPEATING RIFLE. Designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, the Henry Repeating Rifle was a major advancement in the repeating rifle. ”. Frustrated by the red tape, but still determined to outfit his unit with the repeater, Wilder negotiated a private contract with Spencer for 1,400 rifles at a cost of $35. 36 to . Library of Congress. Army had acquired relatively few breechloading rifles as the . Mar 23, 2020 · On October 16, 1860, Henry received a patent for the Henry . com using actual figures and data to be 427,000+, which in a war of approximately 3 and a half million men at Very Scarce Documented U. American Civil War Indian Wars Fenian Raids War of the Triple Alliance (Limited) Boshin War Taiping Rebellion Argentine Civil Wars War of the Pacific First Sino-Japanese War Mexican Revolution: Production history; Designer: Christian Sharps: Designed: 1848: Unit cost: $30 (1861) Produced: 1849–1881: No. But there were also a few repeating rifles firing metallic cartridges used in the Great Rebellion. —died April 25, 1891) was an American inventor and manufacturer. Hugo Borchardt joined Sharps soon after the Model 1875’s debut. It held seven rounds in a tubular magazine in the buttstock, giving it a maximum firing rate of 14-20 rounds per minute. Introduced at the start of the Civil War, Spencer repeating guns were technically advanced, used cartridges (a recent development), and could fire 7 shots in 15 seconds. Left to right Carbines two 1873/1894/92/Trapper 92. He produced classic designs of several machine tools while still in his 20s: a profiling machine, a barrel-drilling The rifle was 47 inches long and weighed 10 pounds, while the carbine was 39 inches long and weighed 8 l/4 pounds The first mounted infantry unit to use Spencer repeating rifles in combat was Feb 2, 2017 · Hickok45 lays hands on Chiappa's replication of the Civil War-era Spencer Carbine, which was a favorite of the Union Army and President Lincoln alike. This was a dramatic step up from even rifled muskets, which could only manage 2-3 shots per minute. One of the rifle's more famous associations is its use on the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore and map the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. 52 caliber paper cartridge. This innovative firearm had a magazine capacity of seven rounds, allowing for rapid and efficient fire, especially compared to traditional muzzle-loading rifles. Though rifles existed before the Civil War, the average soldier usually was armed with a smoothbore musket. Overbaugh made 73 into scheutzen rifles. The rifle was the basis for the 1866 Winchester Repeating Rifle. Army to devote himself full-time to working on the weapon. S government between the end of 1862-1864. It is quite impressive to see 15 or more Henrys in Mar 14, 2022 · The Spencer rifle was the world’s first military metallic-cartridge repeating rifle, and more than 200,000 examples were manufactured in the United States by the Spencer Repeating Rifle Co. P. The Triplett & Scott rifles and carbines were made to protect the supply lines of the Union army and issued to the Kentucky home guard. 1860 Henry and 1866 Winchester Musket. The Henry rifle, Spencer repeater, and Colt revolving rifle offered a new level of firepower during the Civil War, and several other innovative designs appeared at the tail end of the conflict. These were all chambered for the . 28, 1822, Danvers, Mass. O n August 18, 1863—a day that saw fighting in Virginia, Kentucky, and both Carolinas—President Abraham Lincoln stood in the Oval Office with Christopher Spencer, very carefully examining his guest’s repeating rifle. This famous longarm is a Civil War Model 1860 Spencer Repeating rifle in very good original condition. Civil War Rifles were the main weapon used by both sides during the war. Rifles were often issued to specialist sharpshooters. The Henry gave a single man the firepower of a dozen marksmen armed with muzzle-loading muskets. Commonly referred to as the "Springfield" (after its original place of production, Springfield, Massachusetts ). S. The Hunt rifle fired what he called the "Rocket Ball", an early form of Jul 3, 2013 · The Guns of Gettysburg. Only about 1,731 Henry rifles were purchased by the Ordnance Department between 1862 and 1865. Original Item: Only One Available. [1] They were mainly based upon the Colt Model 1855 Volcanic pistol. The Spencer rifles and carbines were the most successful Aug 22, 2017 · At the outset of the American Civil War, the wealthy inventor and expert shot Hiram Berdan initiated the setting-up of sharpshooting units in the Union Army; these units would be tasked primarily with open-order skirmishing, but also with long-range, accurate shooting. The Springfield Model 1861 was a Minié-type rifled musket used by the United States Army during the American Civil War. 0) Following this battle, Wilder’s brigade came to be known as the “Lightning Brigade,” and the Spencer Repeating Rifle became a popular weapon throughout much of the Civil War. Jul 3, 2013 · The Guns of Gettysburg. Weight: 9 lbs empty. 44 caliber Henry repeating rifle a few years later, just in time for the Civil War. He was the son of a blacksmith. The Navy contact rifles were issued with a sword bayonet with brass hilt and Mar 22, 2018 · Rare Civil War Triplett & Scott Rimfire Repeating Rifle. The Commonwealth of Kentucky purchased a Subsequently, flow of the rifle through government channels was slow. 44 Henry Flat. Likewise, the department’s decision to adopt the M1892 . All original and matching serial numbers in the 23xxx range. Volcanic made an improved version of the Rocket Ball ammunition, and a carbine and pistol version of the lever action Apr 11, 2014 · During the Civil War, a total of 45,733 Model 1860 carbines and 11,471 Model 1860 rifles were produced under U. 50 Rimfire, s/n 1050, 7 shot, 30" barrel, EXCELLENT BORE, 5000 Mfg. Spencer was born in 1833, and grew up in Connecticut, a hotbed of industrial innovation. The proprietary cartridge it fired became the . Aug 18, 2021 · American Civil War: 1861 – 1865 The American Civil War could be called the war of rifles. Jul 9, 2017 · The budget-minded Army brass thought the Winchester repeating rifles were too expensive and too “complicated” for the typical soldier. It was Mr. Civil War soldier with a bayoneted rifle (Photo: Library of Congress) Average soldiers were given muskets as they were faster to reload than Girardoni air rifle. But the Army didn't want a Two groups of enthusiasts today that use the New Henry are Civil War re-enactors and those interested in the Cowboy style shoots. T. Sharps rifles, designed by Christian Sharps and manufactured by Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company, became more well-known due to their employment in the Civil War battlegrounds. Army M Click for more info. " It was good fortune for the South that the genius of Northern military leadership decided the boys in blue were better off with their traditional single shot rifles. The Volcanic Repeating Arms Company was an American company formed in 1855 by partners Horace Smith and Daniel B. GI#: 102698905. The barrel has a steel block front Jun 21, 2020 · The Henry, which was first produced in 1860, was the most technologically advanced small arm of the Civil War period. Civil War! Probably no one weapon of the US Civil War is more representative of the overwhelming force of industry and technology brought to bear by the North against the South than the US M-1860 series of rifles & carbines Springfield rifle. Gen. Frederick Webster Howe (born Aug. This is a Repeating Carbine enclosing a 7 Shot tubular magazine inside the wood butt. Spencer Model 1860 Army repeating rifle and a fine U. Mauser’s first successful design was a single-shot, 11-millimetre, bolt-action rifle that became the forerunner of many important designs. Contract Spencer Model 1865 repeating carbine are each available this May. 00 each. He was also the man behind the safety pin, an attachment for icebreaker ships, and an improved fountain pen, in addition to lots of other things that our audience doesn’t care about. Feb 23, 2022 · Despite this, the civil war had its share of lethal weapons, the sharps rifles being the most common. This was highlighted by a changeover in shoulder-fired weapons from smoothbore firearms that had to be loaded through the muzzle each time a shot was fired to rifled-barrel firearms, some of which loaded at the breech. sewing machine. 40-60-caliber Model 1881 Marlin that was used by Oklahoma Territory outlaw “Red Buck” Waightman is now on display at the Ralph Foster Museum, College of the Ozarks, Point Lookout, Mo. The Sharps rifles and carbines signaled the start of a small arms Feb 18, 2024 · It was the first practical lever-action repeating rifle. The original calibers for the Henry rifle were . This cartridge contained a bullet and powder, but no primer. The design was essentially similar to revolver type pistols, with a rotating cylinder that held five or six rounds in a variety of calibers from . On July 1, 1863, the 6th Wisconsin Infantry—part of the “Iron Brigade”—was rushed to stem the advance of Brig. It featured a 36” barrel and fired a . The Spencer is a lever-action repeating rifle designed by Christopher Spencer in 1860, leading some to refer to this example as the “Model 1860”. Navy Civil War Contract Model 1860 Spencer Repeating Rifle with Collins 1861 Dated Sword BayonetThis desirable Navy rifle has the early serial number "381" on the upper tang which falls within the correct estimated range for this variation (1-750), and it was previously in the Roy Marcot collection and is pictured along with the included bayonet as the example of Oct 16, 2018 · For a Civil War soldier, owning a Henry rifle was a point of pride. These became known as “Lower Sharps” rifles. Excellent and made as it looks with short carbine type forend and 30” barrel. $2,600. [citation needed] Just 1,731 of the standard rifles were purchased by the government during the Civil War. (Photo Credit: Hmaag / Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3. and Burnside Rifle Co. milling machine. It gained fame during the Civil War, with more than 10,000 in use. The weapon was also known as the Windbüchse ("wind rifle" in German ). Army Model Saddle Ring Carbine, made circa 1861 to 1865 in Boston, Massachusetts, during the Civil War. Reportedly, 11,470 of these innovative rifles were delivered to the U. Colt Revolver Rifle: The first repeating rifles to be purchased by the US government, these were a series of revolver rifles which used a rotating multi-chamber cylinder loaded with cartridges. Revolvers became very popular sidearms since its introduction by the Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company in the mid-1830s, and repeating rifles saw use in the early 1860s during the American Civil War. Lower sold 75 as “special Model 1874s. Navy Spencer Repeating Rifle with Saber BayonetApproximately 700 of the 1,000 Spencer repeating rifles ordered by the U. Feb 12, 2021 · Before the start of the American Civil War in 1861, the U. This group consists of about 75 re-enactors scattered throughout the United States. into insolvency, and in October, 1868, all of the company's assets were sold to the Fogerty Rifle Co. 00. Here we present an antique Spencer Repeating Rifle Co. 1860s. These calibers were known for their reliability and accuracy, making the Henry rifle a popular choice among soldiers and frontiersmen during the Civil War and the American frontier era. The barrel has a steel block front sight that acts as a lug for a and other repeating rifles and carbines during the Civil War seemed like a step backwards. While rapid-fire muzzleloaders had existed as novelties for hundreds of years prior, mid-19th-century industrialization finally allowed the repeating rifle to be produced en mass. Very Scarce Documented U. gov. This faithful reproduction of the 1860 Civil An exceptional Civil War U. A pioneering design in a reliable and practical lever action repeater, and adopted in limited numbers during the Civil War, the Henry was the 16-shot rifle referred to as “the rifle you could load on Sunday and shoot all week long. No other weapon came close to inflicting as much damage as the rifle. between 1860 and 1869. In 1848, Walter Hunt of New York patented his "Volition Repeating Rifle" incorporating a tubular magazine, which was operated by two levers and complex linkages. Exceptional Civil War Spencer Model 1860 Army RifleThis is an outstanding example of a Spencer Model 1860 Army Rifle that was manufactured by the Spencer Repeating Rifle Company of Boston, Massachusetts c. Rifles, Pistols, Ammunition. Volcanic made an improved version of the Rocket Ball ammunition, and a carbine and pistol version of the lever action Jun 15, 2023 · The breechloading seven-shot, metallic-cartridge rifles invented by Christopher Miner Spencer were the most innovative and reliable repeaters of the conflict. The Spencer carbine was a shorter and lighter version designed for the cavalry. They were available in several sizes and calibers, and most had a cylinder which could hold six rounds. The Spencer rifle combined a rolling breechblock with a seven-shot tubular magazine in the buttstock that was cycled with a lever action, a truly advanced design in an era where two to three shots per minute was the norm for a typical The Colt New Model revolving rifles were early repeating rifles produced by the Colt's Manufacturing Company from 1855 until 1864. Barrel: 24 inches. On October 16, 1860, he received a patent on the Henry . Dec 3, 2022 · The Spencer rifle for the Union did play key roles in a number of the most major battles of the war and this is often understated, as we have seen, and the total number of breech loaders in the civil war is believed, from capandball. 44 caliber repeating rifle, which soon proved the worth of the lever-action design on the battlefields of the American Civil War, where Henry rifles were used alongside muzzle-loading rifled muskets such as the Springfield Model 1861. Army Ordnance Department contracts. Following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, a bitterly divided America engages in civil war. Initially, it was envisaged that the M1855 Colt revolving rifle would be the weapon employed by these specialists. The first model of the M1859 was simply known as the “Sharps Rifle-Musket. The Henry repeating rifle was born on the eve of the American Civil War. Navy Civil War Contract Model 1860 Spencer Repeating Rifle with Collins 1861 Dated Sword BayonetThis desirable Navy rifle has the early serial number "381" on the upper tang which falls within the correct estimated range for this variation (1-750), and it was previously in the Roy Marcot collection and is pictured along with the included bayonet as the example of Nov 10, 2014 · Fewer than 300 Model 1877s were built, in three grades priced at $75, $100 and $125. Mar 7, 2023 · The Henry lever-action rifle was patented early in 1862, just as the Civil War was heating up. The assertive Wilder then went directly to his men, convinced them of the weapon’s Description: CIVIL WAR SPENCER RIFLE. 44 caliber repeating rifle, which soon demonstrated just how effective such a weapon would be on the field of battle during the Civil War. May 8, 2023 · One of these inventions was an early repeating rifle that would lead to the Henry Repeating Rifle, a weapon that was decisive in some Civil War battles. The carbine was designed and patented by Ambrose Burnside, who resigned his commission in the U. A lever-action repeating rifle, the Henry utilized a 15-round magazine containing self-contained metallic cartridges, allowing a soldier to fire anywhere from 15-30 shots per minute at a time when a soldier carrying a single Outstanding Civil War U. FINE SPENCER 1860 CARBINE IN CALIBER 50 RF. Sherman, RECEIVER AND BARREL: blue on receiver and barrel turned to smooth Dec 14, 2017 · Mention longarms of the Civil War and we tend to think of the 1861 Springfield and other single-shot muzzleloaders. The Civil War witnessed a technological revolution in weaponry. . About 14,000 were made between 1860 and 1866 by the New Haven Arms Company. By the time these rifles were made, it was already at the end of the war. In spite of the Model 1881 repeating rifle’s reputation for quality and simplicity, John Marlin discontinued it in 1892 after having produced only about Rare Civil War Triplett & Scott Rimfire Repeating Rifle Description: This is a rare repeating rifle made towards the end of the Civil War. Feb 9, 2021 · Christopher Spencer’s seven-shot repeating rifle gave Union forces in the Civil War a fearsome edge against their Confederate enemies. The Navy rifles were the first Spencer rifles purchased by the government during the Civil War, and they fall within the 1-750 serial number range. CIVIL WAR Antique SPENCER REPEATING RIFLE CO. Wesson to develop Walter Hunt 's Rocket Ball ammunition and lever action mechanism. The deadly weapons were the precursor to modern assault rifles. It is loaded from the front once the swivel breach of the action is fully opened. The serial number 22733 of this wonderful Spencer repeating rifle is in the range of Spencer rifles that were issued during the U. GI#: 102689708. [5] It was the most widely used Union Army shoulder weapon during the Civil War, favored The Spencer repeating rifle was adopted by the Union Army, especially by the cavalry, during the American Civil War but did not replace the standard issue muzzle-loading rifled muskets in use at the time. Oct 20, 2023 · By the end of 1859, the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Co. The Spencer repeating rifle was adopted by the Union Army during the American Civil War. In the early 1890s, he developed two lever-operated rifles, the Model 1891 Dec 19, 2022 · The Winchester rifle’s technological family tree runs through the Henry rifle, used during the Civil War, and on back to 1849, when inventor Walter Hunt patented the Volition Repeating Rifle The American Civil War, fought between the Union and Confederate forces, took place from 1861 to 1865. Initial army contracts with the Spencer Company of Boston, Massachusetts called for 10,000 repeating firearms at a cost of $40. archives. One of a series of rifles intended for non-military presumably Government use as discussed in Roy Marcot’s book “SPENCER REPEATING FIREARMS” on page 40, Note #1. Oct 19, 2021 · What finally emerged was a 24"-barreled, 15-shot, lever-action rifle that Winchester named after its inventor, the Henry Repeating Rifle. com the best online marketplace for buying and selling semi auto pistols, firearms, accessories, and collectibles : 928767529 Oct 1, 2018 · A . 00 a piece. 56-50 Spencer Springfield Model 1861. 58 Caliber Root Early Attempt at a Revolver Repeating Rifle for sale online. built: 120,000+ Variants: Single set Repeating Rifles. Consequently, the Army ordered a limited number of Henry’s. Seller: AncestryGunsLLC. The result was the legendary repeating rifle that became known as the 1860 Henry, in . Apr 19, 2011 · Unpopular because of its unreliability, improvements in design led to the much larger and more powerful . These weapons include edged weapons such as knives, swords, and bayonets, firearms such as rifled muskets, breech-loaders and repeating weapons, various artillery such as field guns and siege guns and new weapons such as the early Historical Timeline 1860-1899. 1861-1865. of Boston. Declining sales forced the Spencer Repeating Rifle Co. The largest Civil War group using the Henry is The National Henry Rifle Company. Oct 11, 2019 · Brownells Gun Techs and firearm historians Steve Ostrem and Keith Ford are again at Rock Island Auctions House, this time to show us an original Henry Model One of the most notable lever-action rifles of the time was the Spencer Repeating Rifle, which was used by some Union troops during the Civil War. The planned exhibit will highlight the history of Civil War weapons technology and give visitors a greater appreciation of the rapid advance in arms technology during this period. kc ci zl zb as bj wd og td tx