Uses of optical fibre in medicine. Instruments used include the endoscope, a Sep 2, 2020 · Fiber optic cables can be created for a wide variety of uses, which means that your application will require a unique set of specifications. It is also used for data transmission in high-level data security fields of the military. Jan 1, 2013 · Structure of step-index optical fiber and a ray transmitting in the fiber. Conventionally, OCT uses a Michelson interferometer, either optical fiber-based or in free space, illuminated with a broadband light source to get the interference signal between the backscattered light from a sample in Apr 30, 2022 · 3. Zhang et al. The tubes are being developed with neurological use in mind. Despite the fact that standard fused silica glass is the most commonly used material in current fiber manufacturing, its lack of biocompatibility and biodegradability is an enormous challenge in many biomedical applications. This research laid the groundwork for fiber optic use in a wide range of applications. Special bundles of very thin fibres (5 – 10 μm diameter) have replaced the optical systems that were used in semirigid endoscopes, both for illumination and for imaging. 88 The needle/catheter was also used as a package for the implanted fiber optics for the physiological oxygen detection in the deep tissue. Medical fiber optics are chemically inert, sterile, flexible, and non-toxic to the body. Oct 28, 2019 · Explanation to optical fibre, it's uses in medicine, electromagnetic spectrum and calculations for refractive index by an experienced Cambridge teacher. An optical fiber is a very thin strand of plastic or glass that is used to transmit messages via light. Optical fibers with the ability to propagate and transfer data via optical signals have been used for decades in medicine. May 18, 2021 · Fiber optics are an invaluable tool in medicine. (From The Basics Of Fiber Optic Cable, ARC Electronics. Many microscopes use fiber-optic light sources to provide intense illumination of samples being studied. These fiber optic cables composed of flexible and biocompatible hydrogel are microscopic. 89 In fact, the needle/catheter was implanted into the blood vein for real-time monitoring of Mar 15, 2023 · Optical fibre biosensors are cheaper, smaller and easy to use. The Optical Fibres are used for transmitting data signals at long distances and with a greater speed. For example, environmental conditions can vary from inside a controlled environment to outside in a widely varying environment due to extreme heat and cold, high humidity, pulling and stretching, and more. The light source is typically a laser (pulsed, modulated, or steady-state) or white light (xenon or mercury lamp, with or without filters) used to probe or excite the . The cables transmit information far more quickly and have a higher bandwidth. 1, is comprised of four major components: a light source, optical fiber(s), optical coupling/filters and a detector. 01 dB/m at 820 nm), a numerical aperture of 0. 1. An optical fibre instrument used to see the internal parts of human body is endoscope. 1 Optical Fiber Fundamentals – 320 13. Although single-mode fibers can provide superior resolution compared with multimode fibers, they are prone to increased speckle noise and suffer from limited optical throughput and reduced depth of Aug 18, 1986 · CAMBRIDGE SYMPOSIUM-FIBER/LASE '86, 18-26 August 1986, Cambridge, MA, United States, Optical Fibers in Medicine II, The very heart of applications of optical fibre technology in medicine and Jan 1, 2009 · Practical implementation of fiber optic sensor technology, however, is not trivial. Optical fiber endoscopy is highly competitive among various endoscopic imaging techniques due to its high flexibility, compact structure, excellent resolution, and Dec 3, 2023 · As OCT technology evolves in its capability and availability, its use in research and medical imaging will also increase, leading to better health decisions and outcomes [78,79]. The use of fiber optics has revolutionized data transmission, resulting in data Mar 6, 2020 · OCT is a low-coherence interferometry-based optical imaging technology that uses coherence gating to achieve depth resolution. The widespread use of fiber optic technology is due to both its structure and function, making medical procedures and diagnoses easier for physicians and patients alike. Therefore, only a small incision or cut is required to insert the fiber into the body and deliver the light energy to the target tissue. 3 Fiber Optic Medical Devices and Applications – 319 13. Sep 30, 2021 · What is optical fiber sensing? How could it overcome the technical difficulties that have plagued the industry for more than a decade? Dr. A FBG is a periodical modulation of the refractive index in an optical fiber. Although CO2 lasers are mostly used for these types of applications, recent advances are demonstrating the efficiency of 2 µm based fiber lasers in non-invasive skin ablation. Optical fibre medical instruments may contain bundles of optical fibres. Dec 1, 2022 · Thus, various studies on optical fiber shape sensing methods for use in various medical instruments have been conducted. Fibre Optics in Medicine Historically, the medical field was the first to exploit the advantages offered by the use of optical fibres. This Sep 22, 2014 · Use of optical fiber is beneficial to patients and medical doctors and also reduces medical expense. Optical communication forms an essential element of any non-intrusive surgical method. 17. Tirf use in Optical Fibre. Low-loss optical fibers are employed to transmit laser energy for surgery and photocoagulation. Optical fibres have inherent advantages due to their small size, immunity to electromagnetic interferences and their suitability for remote monitoring and multiplexing. With over 20 years of experience designing and manufacturing specialty optical fibers, OFS has the production history, process control, and insight to design and manufacture optical There are many applications of fiber optics and where fiber optic cables are used such as: Computer Networking, Medical in Surgery and Dentistry, Decorations and Lighting System, Mechanical Inspections, TV Cables, Automotive Industry, Military and Aerospace, Internet, Telephone, Remote Sensing and more. 302 FIBER OPTICS IN MEDICINE Figure 1. Sensing, with the use of optical fibers, can help revolutionize new and existing minimally invasive surgeries and surgical tools. Feb 12, 2019 · In this paper, we provide a brief overview of fiber optic biosensors for use in MedTech, specifically to aid in the diagnoses and treatment of those with chronic medical conditions. 1 Why Optics in Medicine? Unlike the present time, medical practitioners of the ancient world did not have the benefit of sophisticated instrumentation and diagnostic systems, such as X-rays, ultrasound machines, or CT scanners. Jan 1, 2018 · 11. Doped silica is the raw material used to produce these fibers. Its fast, non-invasive, and detailed imagery makes it the diagnostic tool of choice in ophthalmology and other fields of medicine [ 80 ]. In subsequent studies, the fiber lasers are designated with a term non-ablative. Fiber optic probes undergo total internal reflection and aid in possible future biomedical applications to carry out the simultaneous collection and analysis of samples for drug safety evaluation. If you were to see the end of the endoscope, this is what you would see: Two of the main fibre optic Endoscopes are used to examine hearts, the colon, lungs, shoulders and knees. Due to their small size, non-toxic nature, and flexibility, they are immensely useful for a variety of procedures. The material generally used for the construction of optical fibres include silica, glass, and plastic. These devices are increasingly used in medicine for both diagnosis and treatment of various illnesses. Laser medicine is the use of lasers in medical diagnosis, treatments, or therapies, such as laser photodynamic therapy, [1] photorejuvenation, and laser surgery Optical fiber is a very thin strand of glass or plastic capable of transmitting light from one point to another. These optical fibres can be manufactured from plastic, but more often expanding range of commercial and experimental optical biopsy platforms available, fibre-bundle endomicroscopy is currently the most widely used platform and is approved for clinical use in a range of clinical indications. 1 Uses of optical fibre in communication. Integrated laser-fiber systems as the laser endoscope or the laser catheter will facilitate imaging, diagnostics, and therapy inside the body. During surgery operations, the fiber optics are used for repairing fragile parts such as mitral valves during open-heart surgery. Thus, medical procedures using is described in detail in the section Optical Coherence Tomography characterization of flexible imaging fiber Bundles). Fiber optics consist of hair-size threads of glass or plastic through which light can be traveled. One example is to use an endoscope to illuminate and visualise areas that couldn't normally be seen. Medical endoscopes are An optical fibre is basically a cylinder-shaped waveguide that is used in a variety of applications such as communication, entertainment, construction, decoration, medicine, healthcare, research and development, etc. [16] proposed a shape sensor device based on an FBG sensing network for an intelligent colonoscope. (From Basic Principles of Fiber Optical Fiber in the Medical Industry. Mi Guangcan, Senio Endoscopes employing a single optical fiber may have advantages over conventional fiber-bundle or CCD array imaging techniques, including the potential for greater flexibility and miniaturization. Nov 23, 2021 · 2. These strands are bundled together in a protective sheath or cover Mar 20, 2024 · Fiber optics is a technology that utilizes thin threads of glass known as optical fibers. At XSOF™, we’ve developed several fiber optic assemblies tailored for unique use in Rocket Stage Separation, Canopy Detachment and Ejection Seat Firing, Flight Termination (self-destruction), Engine Ignition and many other applications where the reliable Optical Fiber Defined. The modulation in the refractive index in a FBG is realized by exposing the optical fiber with a periodical pattern of UV light. In telecommunications, fiber optic technology is used to link computers within local area networks. Whether you need a custom designed fiber optic solution or already have a design ready to be built, we can source virtually any connector, fiber type or other fiber optic or hybrid component your solution Toray Fiber RAYTELA® is a plastic optical fiber made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). In fact, the use of internal reflection as a means of guiding light was employed in the late 1930's to provide illumination for simple medical inspection instruments. Although the applications of optics to surgery and medicine have increased rapidly since the invention of the laser in 1960, a number of optical techniques were used before that time. Dec 9, 2020 · Recent developments in medicine include the elastic model of optical fibers. Biomaterials featuring the properties of softness, biocompatibility, and biodegradability enable the introduction of optical fibers' uses in biomedical engineering applications such as medical implants and health Skin resurfacing and tattoo removal are medical procedures requiring high energy lasers. It is mostly called endoscopy. [17] developed a novel method of calculating the shape of a multicore optical fiber. . In addition to invasive and non-invasive Laser radiation being delivered via a fiber for photodynamic therapy to treat cancer. 1 day ago · A fiber optic network can provide high-speed and long-distance services. Multicolor laser light is transmitted through a single thin optical fiber to provide adequate illumination for viewing and color Medical fiber optics are a vital medical technology used in many medical specialties. Optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection. Conclusion. 39, negligible bending-induced loss for bend diameters of 40 mm, and an extremely Optical fiber is a very thin strand of glass or plastic capable of transmitting light from one point to another. Their primary advantage is the electrical isolation provided by the dielectric optical fibers, which enables safe use without risk of electric shock to a patient. These applications require high light transmission and not necessarily high bandwidth or speed. These cables can carry vast amounts of data over long distances with minimal loss. This technology is now well established in long distance fiber optic telecommunication and rapidly growing in other areas like military application, biomedical application ,etc Rise in Sep 15, 2023 · Data centers also tend to use single-mode fiber optic cables because of their high bandwidth, allowing fast data transfers within the data center. Fiber optic sensors (FOSs) are finding increasing applications in modern medical technologies and devices [1]. 5. Parabolic research showed that optical fibers produced in microgravity can be higher quality than those made in normal gravity, and the International Space Station provides a potential platform for commercial production of In addition, a wide variety of light sources, wavelengths, and laser delivery systems are used in general surgery to cut, coagulate, vaporize or remove tissue. Some carry light into Dec 14, 2016 · 1 Introduction. In addition to allowing doctors to Aug 22, 2019 · 8. Surgery. Optical fiber consists of a core, cladding, and plastic coating. With the increasing demand for compactness, comfort, accuracy, and other features in new medical monitoring devices, the development of wearable optical fiber sensors is increasingly meeting these requirements. Optical fibres are lighter, flexible, and carry more Description. With recent development of optical techniques towards medical applications, the interaction of light and living matter has always been favorable in a wide variety of medical purposes, such as laser surgery Jul 17, 2020 · The optical fiber can be placed in a U-groove pattern on the body of the probe array, and fixed with UV-curable epoxy. This book presents a comprehensive examination of lasers and optical fibers in an hierarchical, three-tier system. Introduction. , in harsh environments, such as MRI. Following that, clinical applications of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs are discussed, including optogenetics Sep 23, 2022 · A common HCS fiber for industrial and medical applications has a core diameter of 200 µm and a cladding diameter of 230 µm, which results in a very strong optical fiber with low attenuation (less than 10 dB/km or 0. Fiber optic cables as components of biological sensors make them especially effective in biological systems that may require ultra-sensitive detection of low-frequency signals in hard to reach areas. Endoscopes. Fiber optics is also the basis of the fiberscopes used in examining internal parts of the body. The small diameter makes the sensor suitable for medical applications in volume-restricted areas, such as blood vessels or internal organs. Fiber optics is used in making a large number of medical equipment including; otoscope, FO headlights, Examination Lights, and Anemoscope. use optical fibres to produce an image of inside the body. Arthroscopes are built with straight tubes, lenses and fiber optics contained within a space 1/12 of an inch or smaller. Moore et al. Timbercon is ISO 9001:2015 and AS9100D certified – all of our fiber optic products are built to the very highest of quality standards. Multimode fibre. The main part in endoscope is fibrescope. This article Sep 11, 2023 · Application of Optical Fiber. A 40-watt CO 2 laser with applications in ENT, gynecology, dermatology, oral surgery, and podiatry. relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak. It functions similarly to an ultrasound, however, it uses light rather than sound which is why fiber optics are perfectly suited for it. From an historical point of view, medicine has been the first field in which optical fibers have been applied (1). The increasing use of fiber optics in the field of medicine has created a need for an interdisciplinary perspective of the technology and methods for physicians as well as engineers and biophysicists. See full list on link. The optical transducers are based on glass, or plastic fibres about 100 to 4. Figure 5 a shows the transmission of blue light and the dual characteristics of optical and microfluidic structures in details. Two such prisms are used in binoculars. fiber optics fiber optics benefits heathcare medicine. 2 Coherent and Incoherent Optical Fiber Bundles – 324 4 days ago · Optical fibre serves as a laser during performing a wide range of medical treatments that include surgeries, biomedical research, and microscopy. 1 and 2. First, the POF material and its optical properties are summarized. 2 Fibrescopes. endoscopy, medical examination of the interior of the body, usually through a natural body opening, by the insertion of a flexible, lighted optical shaft or open tube. The design of distinct endoscopes is described with a detailed review of their use in various medical specialities. (From Basic Principles of Fiber Nov 23, 2021 · This article discusses recent advances in biocompatible and biodegradable polymer optical fiber (POF) for medical applications. ) Figure 2. com Medical uses of optical fibres. The small dimensions of optical fibre-based pressure sensors, together with being lightweight and Apr 8, 2024 · Fiber optics, the science of transmitting data, voice, and images by the passage of light through thin, transparent fibers. Jan 5, 1981 · Directions of applications of fiber optic technology in medicine and biology; Kierunki zastosowań techniki światłowodowej w medycynie i biologii; September 1982; In book: 1982, Światłowody Abstract. Currently, the SPR-based fiber sensors are used for numerous applications, including biomedical diagnostics, environmental safety, and life science. Jan 6, 2021 · Abstract. Fibre-optic-based devices such as fibrescopes and endoscopes allow physicians to view internal organs and tissues of patients by inserting tiny fibre-optic tubes into the body. 2 and Boxes 2. Fiber optics plays a pivotal yet often underappreciated role at the intersection of technology and medicine. In contrast, minimally-invasive surgery involves much smaller surgical incisions, leaving An optical fiber made up of a core carries the light pulses which are not only used for sensing but also for the illumination purpose. This made possible a significant reduction in The use of fibre optics in endoscopy has revolutionized the field of medical imaging, making it easier to diagnose and treat many medical conditions. As a result, sufficient light intensity for optogenetics stimulation can be achieved at the end of Given their EM immunity, intrinsic safety, small size & weight, autoclave compatibility and capability to perform multi-point and multi-parameter sensing remotely, optical fibers and fiberoptic-based sensors are seeing increased acceptance and new uses for a variety of bio-medical applications—from laser delivery systems, to disposable body temperature sensors, to intra-aortic catheter Jan 1, 2023 · Fibre optics is a way of sending information through a transparent optical fibre in the form of a pulsed beam of light. In order to allow only one way of transmission, it has an extremely small core diameter. Because the first two factors, which are the most Jul 25, 2018 · According to the categorization is shown in Diagram 1, the first group of fiber lasers employs optical processes such as selective resonant absorption, fluorescence, reflection, elastic scattering, inelastic scattering, and transmission. In these types of applications, a bright and tiny light is used for lighting up Nov 3, 2016 · 4. Jun 17, 2022 · In terms of the total number of modes, optical fibres are divided into: Single-mode fiber. For soft tissue ablation, 1064 nm fiber lasers can also be used. These fibers can transmit light pulses containing data up to 13,000 miles (20,900 kilometers), and do so A special group of fiber optic sensor is gaining increasing interest in the last decade is the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor. Then, several common optical fiber fabrication methods are thoroughly discussed. 1. Optical fibres are often used in medical procedures. Oct 23, 2023 · The packaged fiber optic immunosensor provides a milestone for in situ detection of biomarkers in the tissues. Total internal reflection confines light within optical fibers. This Nov 1, 2017 · This has applications for medicine and maintenance of machines as it allows a camera to travel to remote and narrow locations. Factors in evaluating optical fibers for medical applications are: 1) optical transmission efficiency, 2) optical damage threshold, 3) flexibility, 4) chemical stability, and 5) non-toxicity and safety to the human body. Very flexible and transparent fiber is used for preparing optical fiber. Since the fiber is thin and flexible, it can be easily and tightly bent. 3. They utilized Medical Fiber Optic Sensing. Since the late 1990s, during which the first generation of probes for in vivo pressure detection was commercialized, a strong research effort has been addressed toward developing a new generation of FOSs that are substantially improved over other sensing Jan 10, 2017 · Light and optical techniques have made profound impacts on modern medicine, with numerous lasers and optical devices currently being used in clinical practice to assess health and treat disease. May 20, 2020 · Optical fiber sensors find important use in various medical applications; they can be used to measure physical variables like pressure, temperature, strain and displacement. Optical fiber is also used in imaging optics. With the necessary Dec 12, 2023 · However, this technology's impact extends far beyond the domain of digital communication, permeating an area fundamental to human well-being: healthcare. Traditional surgery requires sizable and invasive incisions to expose internal organs and operate on affected areas. Jul 25, 2018 · Optical fibers and waveguides are widely used in fiber-optic telecommunication, remote sensing and on-chip devices for a long time. In these instru Nov 10, 2010 · A typical optical fiber sensing system, shown in Fig. These "least invasive" techniques have The light is reflected by the prism at an angle of 180°. Fiber optic cables are typically used in telecommunications services such as the Internet, telephone, and television. The endoscope facilitates the physicians to see the internal parts of body without performing surgery. Other optical fibres are used to sense chemicals plus other uses discussed later in this post. These fibers can transmit light pulses containing data up to 13,000 miles (20,900 kilometers), and do so Sep 22, 2014 · Use of optical fiber is beneficial to patients and medical doctors and also reduces medical expense. Use of optical fibers increases the dose of light and decreases the phototoxicity in targeted and non-targeted brain regions. The Material of Polymer Optical Fiber. A doctor can insert a bundle of optical fibres into the body. receiving the optical signal. Doctors used to have to operate to see what the problem was. Optics has enabled laser surgery, optical diagnostic techniques, and visualization of the body's interior (see Figures 2. Thus, medical procedures using 1. Based on application, the endoscopes are Jul 15, 2015 · This article is focused on reviewing the current state-of-the-art of optical fibre pressure sensors for medical applications. Medical use of optical fibres. A coherent bundle of fibers is used, sometimes along with lenses, for a long, thin imaging device called an endoscope, which is used to view objects through a small hole. Examples of medical examinations that may use a fiberscope include arthroscopy (joints), bronchoscopy (lungs), colonoscopy (colon), cystoscopy (bladder), enteroscopy (small intestine), hysteroscopy (uterus), laparoscopy Jan 10, 2020 · Optical fibre sensors have been utilised for functional spectroscopy and imaging down to the single-molecule level allowing insight into the local micro-environment of molecules, cells and tissue with a wide range of modalities, including white-light spectroscopy , fluorescence , Raman [39,44,45,46] and optical coherence tomography (OCT) , as They are used as sensors, communication cables, lighting, and more. The fibers are commonly bundled by the dozens or even thousands into fiber optic cables. The fibres Mar 25, 2024 · Optical fibers are used on Earth and in space for applications in medicine, defense, cybersecurity, and telecommunications. Even though the first use of lasers in medicine was reported by Goldman in 1962-and then in 1963 for experimental cardiovascular plaque ablation-it is the Aesthetic and Ophthalmic applications that historically pushed the use and adoption of photons in medicine. Jul 25, 2023 · Wearable optical fiber sensors have great potential for development in medical monitoring. Jul 15, 2015 · The absence of electrical signals makes the optical fibre sensors immune to radio frequency (RF) signals, which offer unique benefits, e. Mar 2, 2024 · It is used as lasers during the surgeries, endoscopy, microscopy, and biomedical research. Since the late 1950s, optical fibers have emerged as revolutionary tools in the fields of medicine and telecommunications. A large variety of surface plasmon resonance based optical fiber biosensors [19], chemical sensors [20], plasmonic [21] have been extensively reported. Medical Equipment. Total internal reflection is used in fiber optics which has several advantages in the telecommunication field. This paper reviews the latest evolution of The fibre-optic endoscope, composed of multiple hairlike glass rods, acts as a bendable periscope during a live-action procedure. Optical fiber-based SPR sensors have replaced the traditional substrate-based SPR sensors, due to their ability to analyze minute samples, providing remote sensing and compact design. The process of communicating using fiber optics involves the following basic steps: creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, [9] usually from an electrical signal. It enhances diagnostic procedures such as endoscopy and optical coherence Medical Industry Trends Promoting Increased Use of Optical Fiber Fiber optic sensors compete with a limited number of conventional electronic devices in biomedical applications. Single-mode fibres are typically step-index fibers. As a consequence, optical fibre has completely superseded copper wires as the primary medium for cabled transmission over long Jul 30, 2021 · Furthermore, in the recent studies, it was found that PDT effect of PS@chol-BSA NPs was improved by the light confinement induced by fiber optic cannula in the mouse brain. This test captures 3D images inside of the body and is most often used for testing done on the eyes and scans of the retina. Introduction to Fiber Optics Fiber optics which is a part of a larger or more general field called photonics, is concerned with the use of glass fibers carrying photons to complement electron carrying wires. Catheters, endoscopes, forceps and even cutting tools can and will be enhanced with sensing systems improving therapies and ultimately the standard of care. In spectroscopy, optical fibre bundles analyse compositions of a substance that is unable to be placed inside the spectrometer. Using optical fibres, very high data rates (gigabits per second and higher) can be transmitted over long distances (tens of kilometres) without amplifiers or regenerators. They are even experimenting with manufacturing fiber optic cable in space to achieve improved specifications in a zero-gravity environment. Fiber-optic technology continues to shape healthcare through its more recent contributions of network-connected medical instruments, like an otoscope or ophthalmoscope attached to a smartphone. By using fibres, a spectrometer can be used to study objects. This scope is used by doctors to examine joints and like the endoscope can be inserted through a tiny incision. springer. The light travels through the core of the fibre, the inner transmitting cylinder, surrounded by a reflective cladding to prevent any light from escaping. Their use has led to safer surgeries, more efficient procedures, faster recovery times, and more thorough examinations. Medical fiber optics technology advances, such as optical engineering and imaging, have increased the use of minimally-invasive surgery. There have been several recent research activities on the optical fiber biosensors for the detection of proteins, DNA and bacteria. 2). g. Types of fibers. This served as the basis for the use of optical fibers in medical applications such as endoscopic imaging, fiber optic sensing, and laser power transmission. Lighting. Copper cables lack many of the advantages that fiber optic cables have. Dec 14, 2016 · 13. TNO develops fiber optic (FO) sensors for industrial, aerospace, marine and medical applications. Dec 31, 2021 · In contrast to D-shaped fibres which have long been used as a test bed for novel optical components and more recently as the substrate for lab-on-a-chip technologies, or lab-on-fibre , it was a Jan 17, 2019 · Many single-use fiber-optic surgical catheters have proven satisfactory in performance when compared against reusable flexible catheters. is described in detail in the section Optical Coherence Tomography characterization of flexible imaging fiber Bundles). Additionally, single-mode fiber optic cables are used in medical applications such as endoscopy and other imaging techniques, where high-quality images must be transmitted over long distances. The total internal reflection principle Total internal reflection is an optical phenomenon that happens when light waves reach the boundary between two media, but instead of refracting to the Optical endoscopy has become an essential diagnostic and therapeutic approach in modern biomedicine for directly observing organs and tissues deep inside the human body, enabling non-invasive, rapid diagnosis and treatment. Biocompatible and biodegradable optical fiber can be made from a variety of materials. Miniaturised, flexible fibre-bundles, guided through the working channel of endoscopes, needles and Aug 3, 2022 · Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is another type of testing that uses fiber optics. Optical fibre is sometimes used for shorter links too, like carrying the sound signals between a compact disc player and a stereo receiver. Optical fibres contribute greatly to the telecommunication system, by transmitting and receiving information. 9. Making full use of the lightweight and flexible characteristics of plastic optical fiber, it is widely used in lighting applications, medical applications, automotive applications, communications applications, and industrial applications. Medical professionals and researchers are still finding ways to refine the fiber optic tubes. cwcjtcclpdknnvgdvcyf